AIM: How did the Mongols create a great land empire?
15 years ago
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
HW# 2-2
What economic system would be easier for you to live under capitalism or communism? Please explain your answer giving examples in a few sentences.
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
Aim: Who was Karl Marx?
Do Now:1. What is Capitalism? 2. Who is Adam Smith?
Notes -The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the
world.
- Industrialization in the United States
• U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize
• Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.
• Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820
• Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country
• Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills
• Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize - Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
• Industrialization picks up during post-Civil War technology boom
• Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines
• Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies - The Rise of Corporations
• Stock—limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money
• Corporation—company owned by stockholders, share profits not debts
• Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can - Troubles in Continental Europe
• Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century economy
• Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation
• British workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799) - Germany Industrializes
• Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-century - Rise of Global Inequality
• Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind
• European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources
• Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets - Transformation of Society
• Europe and U.S. gain economic power
• African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts
• Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform - The Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
• Laissez faire—economic policy of not interfering with businesses
• Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers
• Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
• Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress
• Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition, supply and demand - The Economists of Capitalism
• Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism
• Capitalism—system of privately owned businesses seeking profits
• Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply
• Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
• Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor - The Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism
• Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism—judge things by their usefulness
• John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth - Utopian Ideas
• Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing
• In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana - Socialism
• Socialism—factors of production owned by, operated for the people
• Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality - Marxism: Radical Socialism
Marxism’s Prophets
• Karl Marx—German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism
• Friedrich Engels—German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill - The Communist Manifesto
• Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes
• Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers known as the bourgeoisie
• Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the proletariat
• Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners - The Future According to Marx
• Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself
• Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills
• Communism—society where people own, share the means of production
• Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba
• Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone - Unionization
• Unions—associations formed by laborers to work for change
• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers
• Sometimes they strike—call a work stoppage—to pressure owners
• Skilled workers are first to form unions
• Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions
• Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions - Reform Laws
• British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization
• 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground
• In 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain
• U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 - The Reform Movement Spreads
The Abolition of Slavery
• In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British Empire
• Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas - The Fight for Women’s Rights
• Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848
• International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership - Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
• Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s
• Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s; prison reform also sought
Monday, October 26, 2009
HW #1-2
Who would have a better cell phone Karl Marx or Adam Smith? Please explain your answers in a few sentences. Please make sure you explain what type of cell phone each would have and why.
Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution spread?
Do Now: Please add Meiji Restoration to your vocabulary section.
Notes- The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety
of problems.
- Factory Work
• Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods - Industrial Cities Rise
• Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities
• Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods
• British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool - Living Conditions
• Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
• Life span in one large city is only 17 years
• Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes
• Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
• Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection - Working Conditions
• Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round
• Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers
• Many coal miners killed by coal dust - Class Tensions Grow
The Middle Class
• Middle class—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals
• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats
• Middle class has comfortable standard of living - The Working Class
• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines
• Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work
• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot - Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
• Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions - Long-Term Effects
• Improved living and working conditions still evident today
• Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements - Manchester and the Industrial Revolution
• Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at Liverpool
• Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment
• Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories
• Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some - Children in Manchester Factories
• Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured
• 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours
• Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river
• Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
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