Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution spread?

Do Now: Please add Meiji Restoration to your vocabulary section.

Notes- The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety
of problems.

1. Factory Work
   • Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods
   
2. Industrial Cities Rise
   • Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities
   • Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods
   • British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool
   
3. Living Conditions
   • Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
   • Life span in one large city is only 17 years
   • Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes
   • Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
   • Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection
   
4. Working Conditions
   • Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round
   • Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers
   • Many coal miners killed by coal dust
   
5. Class Tensions Grow
   The Middle Class
   • Middle class—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals
   • Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats
   • Middle class has comfortable standard of living
   
6. The Working Class
   • Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines
   • Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work
   • Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot
   
   
7. Immediate Benefits
   • Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
   • Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
   • Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions
   
8. Long-Term Effects
   • Improved living and working conditions still evident today
   • Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements
   
9. Manchester and the Industrial Revolution
   • Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at Liverpool
   • Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment
   • Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories
   • Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some
   
10. Children in Manchester Factories
    • Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured
    • 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours
    • Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river
    • Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth